Monday, October 9, 2023

WILD WEST OUTLAWRY, SOUTHERN STYLE

10/9/1890 - Not as well known as many of the outlaws of the Wild West, the criminal resume of Reuben Houston "Rube" Burrow, a bandit that with his brother Jim and various associates had terrorized Alabama, the Indian Territory, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas for four years, comes to it's unsurprisingly conclusion on October 9, 1890 when the bandit, having escaped from the posse that had placed him in custody the day before, instead of immediately fleeing the region, goes after Linden, Alabama merchant and part time law officer Jeff "Dixie" Carter to recover a rifle and money he was carrying before being arrested.  A bad idea, in the shootout that takes place at the entrance to Carter's store, Burrow dies from a shot to the chest at the age of thirty-four.

Rube Burrow

Settling in Lamar County in 1825, Tennessee native Allen H. Burrow moves to Alabama and marries local county girl Martha Caroline Terry in August of 1849.  The union of the two will produce ten children in all, five boys and five girls, two of the brothers will eventually become bandits, while oldest brother, John, confines his law breaking to harboring his brothers while they are on the run from the law, and youngest family member, Ann Eliza, will serve as a secret conduit for communications between the brothers, their family, and various local associates.  Reuben, the chief lawbreaker in the family, is born on Monday, December 11, 1854, while his partner in crime, his youngest brother, James Buchanan "Jim" Burrow, is born four years later in 1858.  Nothing out of the ordinary in either of the boy's childhoods, Rube has no loftier goals in life than to marry, raise a family, and support his kin through the sweat of his brow as a farmer.  As a youth of eighteen, Rube leaves Alabama and goes to work on his uncle's ranch in Stephenville, Texas, saving money to someday buy his own place.  In 1876, he marries Virginia Catherine Alverson (the union will produce two children that will be raised by Reuben's parents), but she dies in 1881 of yellow fever.  Dreams of normalcy not quite dissuaded as Burrow becomes the county's crack cowboy, capable of herding cattle through the Texas wilderness, converting broncos into ranch horses, and hitting anything he aims at with his rifle or revolver, he marries again in 1884 to Miss Adeline Hoover of Erath County, Texas, but disaster strikes when he loses an entire season of the crops he has planted on his farm and separates from his wife.  Thirty years old and his only crimes putting his brand on a handful of unmarked steers, something snaps inside the Texan and he decides it will be easier to steal the money he needs, rather than work for it against the vagaries of fate.  Putting together a small band of outlaws, on December 1, 1886, Rube leads his brother Jim, Nep Thornton, and Henderson Bromley in morning robbery of the Fort Worth and Denver Railway train stopping at the town of Bellevue in the Indian Territory.  Attacking as the train stops at a water tank a few hundred yards from the train station, everyone wearing masks, Thornton keeps his weapon on the engineer and fireman, while the two Burrows and Bromley go through the train robbing it's passengers of roughly three hundred dollars in cash, over a dozen watches, and a brace of Colt revolvers belonging to a small squad of buffalo soldiers escorting a handful of miscreants to prison (Burrow offers to free the men, but they would all rather remain in custody than have more serious charges added to their sentences).  Believing the express car is filled with armed guards, the outlaws avoid the car and miss out on greatly increasing the amount of their loot.  Mounted, the men ride off and aren't seen again until they resurface on January 23, 1887 at the train depot in Gordon, Texas.
Before Going Rotten
The News

Improving on their robbery techniques, at about 11:30 in the morning the gang covers the engineer, fireman, and conductor with their weapons and move the train a few hundred yards out of the city.  On the group's second robbery, the Texas and Pacific Railway is plundered of $2,275 from the Pacific Express Company (after a ten minute battle with the express agent that has the gang fire over fifty rounds into the car before the man surrenders) and over $2,000 in assets robbed from the train's registered mail.  Then retreating into a nearby forest where they have hidden their mounts, the gang rides off to the north to throw pursuit off, before circling south and turning back on a path to their homes, where to not raise attention, the men go back to their ranching activities.  Ill-gotten gains put to good use, the Burrow Brothers buy a small ranch with the money their robberies have produced, and hire a future gang member, William Brock.  No repercussions from their robberies yet to find any of the men, in May of 1887, the outlaws are ready to strike again, but an uncooperative Mother Nature unleashes a storm on the region and the men are unable to cross the swollen Brazos River until the beginning of June.  Picking the lonely whistle stop of Ben Brook, Texas (a small town about a hundred miles south of Fort Worth), on June 4, 1887, the men hide in a stand of trees until early evening, then descend on another train belonging to the Texas and Pacific Railway, moving it forward on to trestle where the robbers depredations can not be interfered with (Rube Burrow and Bromley blacken their faces with burnt cork, while Jim Burrow and Brock use pocket handkerchiefs as masks).  On the gang's third robbery, they leave Ben Brook over $2,500 wealthier than when they arrive and again vanish into the vastness of Texas without any problems, easy larceny that makes Rube decide to visit the town again in September, and surprisingly, the robbery comes off without a hitch as the gang recreates its June activities against the same railroad employees as before, leaving with between $2,500 and $30,000 in railroad assets.  Still unknown to authorities, in November Rube and Jim decide to return to Alabama for a visit with their folks in the company of Jim's wife and Rube's two children.  A break from ranching and robbery, the brothers spend time with mom and dad, other relatives, say hello to numerous friends, and walk the streets of the county seat, Vernon, unmolested.  Returning to Texas in December, the gang assaults a train belonging to the St. Louis, Arkansas, Texas Railroad at a small train station in the town of Genoa, Arkansas, north of the town of Texarkana.  Jumping aboard and covering the engineer, the train is brought to a stop less than a mile outside of town where the rest of the bandits are waiting.  The first train robbery to hit the Southern Express Company in seventeen years, the band of outlaws ride off with a gain of over $10,000 to $40,000 in plunder (unfortunately for the desperadoes, some of the money has been collected for the Illinois state lottery and is under the protection of the William Pinkerton Detective Agency), but the heist doesn't go as easily as expected ... another express agent refuses to open the door to his car and the train robbers spend thirty minutes converting the man's hiding place into a wooden block of Swiss cheese before then threatening to transform the car into ashes.  And this time in their retreat back to their ranching duties (after the Burrows and Brock engage with a posse out of Texarkana before escaping), clues are left behind in the form of two rubber coats and a slouch hat (sold in the small town of Dublin) that are identified as belonging to the outlaws, but their the trail blanks out .... for a time.
Robbing Passengers - True West Illustration
Headlines
Rube (L) And Jim

Visiting the local villages and ranches in the region, the clues at first appear to be dead ends, no one knows what the cost mark of "K. W. P." inside the hat means or who the coats belong to.  Eventually though, a detective arrives in Alexander, Texas and meets the salesman that sold the coats to a man he identifies as Brock, and a few days later Brock's home is near Dublin is located and he is traced to being in Texarkana, while at the same time, a different Pinkerton agent hones in on a Waco, Texas man who seems to have suddenly come into a great amount of money which he is lavishly spending, a man named Brock that hangs around with two Alabama brothers named Burrow, men that fit the description of the train robbers.  Deciding they have enough hard evidence that would behoove the detectives to find more, Brock is arrested on the last day of 1887 and then "sweated" by the Pinkertons, with the 5'11" 180-pound 31-year-old illiterate being identified as one of the men involved in the robbery by the train's engineer and several witnesses stated they'd seen Brock around Genoa's train depot prior to the robbery.  Cracking in less than a week, Brock soon admits to participating in the robbery, identifies his companions as being the Burrows, and gives details about the gang's other train jobs, while also giving out the Lamar County, Alabama location of his confederates (for his help with the case, Brock will be given a very light sentence).  Lamar County now the hot spot of the hunt, as 1888 begins, three Pinkertons, Assistant Superintendent John McGinn, Carney, and Wing, meet up with County Sheriff Fillmore Pennington and come up with a sting operation out of Vernon in which they pose as capitalists from Galveston seeking to buy land in the area, with hopes that the bogus offers for Lamar County real estate will perk the curiosity of the brothers and lead to surprise arrests the next time the men are in town.  Seeing through the ruse however, both Burrows stay out of Vernon (it is also raining heavily in the area) and keep track of the detectives and sheriff with the help of their families and friends.  Coming up with a more aggressive plan to put the brothers into custody, on the evening of January 10, 1888, a posse consisting of Superintendent McGinn, Deputy Sheriff Jerry, Sheriff Pennington, and Pinkerton Detectives Williams, Carney, Wing, and Wilbosky ride for the home of suspect Jim Burrow ... there is a problem however, Deputy Sheriff Jerry, serving as the group's guide incorrectly identifies the wrong home as belonging to Burrow ... not once, not twice, but three times.  Darkness over by the time the team finally heads for the right home, the advantage of surprise gone, the posse is within 150-yards of Jim Burrow's place when the outlaw spies the men's approach,  Grabbing his Winchester rifle, Jim throws a few rounds the posse's way before bolting out of the back door and vanishing into a nearby forest.    
Brock

For the next two weeks the bandits remain in the area, hidden by family and friends (typical of the Robin Hood tales told about Burrow during this period is that the outlaw disguises himself and actually joins one of the large posses chasing him, and that he pays $700 for a meal at a lonely widow's cabin so she will be able to make her mortgage payments to the bank and then robs his money back once the banker has shown up at the cabin to receive the woman's money).  Finally deciding that it is safe enough to leave the area the authorities are searching, seeking to put some distance between themselves and the Pinkertons, the Burrows board a southbound passenger train belonging to the Louisville and Nashville Railway at Brock's Gap, Alabama.  Immediately the heat is turned up once more on the manhunt for the train robbers when the engine's conductor thinks his new passengers look like the Burrows and he sends a telegram ahead asking for a Montgomery, Alabama police officer to meet the train when it pulls into the town's depot.  Pulling into Montgomery in a downpour, the train is met by Captain John W. Martin of the Montgomery Police Department, who in turn is joined by the station's regular police presence, Officer McGee.  Suspicious characters identified by the conductor, pretending they're railroad men, the pair offer to show the two Burrows a place to stay for the evening and secretly guide the pair towards the town's jail.  Arriving at the entrance door to the facility, Martin announces to the men that they are under arrest, but those words instantly set off the outlaws and after a brief scuffle the pair flee down the street with Rube disappearing after exchanging gunfire with a local printer named Neil Bray, who tries to help the authorities and is almost killed by a bullet to his chest.  Meanwhile, less swift and lucky than his older brother, Jim Burrow trips over a fire hydrant making his escape and is quickly swarmed into custody, eventually confessing to his name and crimes.  Police and citizens swarming about the region, just before evening the next day, two officers locate Rube hiding in a cabin in the black section of town.  Once again, fleetness of foot and marksmanship allow Rube to escape the authorities through a nearby swamp, but only after using up the last of his bullets and taking a wounding load of number eight birdshot to his face and neck that the outlaw will carry with him for the rest of his life.  Out of the swamp, Burrow steals a pair of boots and a horse and riding hard through the night, loses any pursuit coming his way in the forested bottom lands of the Alabama River.
Escaping A Posse
Jim Burrow

Meanwhile, a belligerent Jim Burrow is placed in custody and then sent to Texarkana to stand trial for train robbery, and for the next few months, breaking him out of jail becomes Rube's number one priority.  Making his former ranch hand, Lewis Waldrip (his real name is Leonard C. Brock, though he is not William Brock's brother, the same last name for two of the outlaws is a coincidence, and in a ruse to make the new Burrow Gang more feared, the cowboy calls himself Joe Jackson after one of the ferocious outlaw lieutenants of the Sam Bass Gang), his new partner in outlawry, Burrow returns to Lamar County where he hides out with Jackson while formulating a plan to free Jim (hiding in plain sight, part of the time the men work on a plantation picking cotton).  Not to be, in October of 1888, Burrow receives word that his brother has died in jail from a mysterious disease which is now believed to have been tuberculous.  Brother gone, Rube shifts back to being a train robber again, hitting a northbound Illinois Central train at Duck Hill, Mississippi on the evening of December 15, 1888.  While the outlaws take over $2,000 from the express car, Conductor John Wilkenson, armed with a revolver, and a young passenger from Jackson, Tennessee, Chester Hughes, armed with a Winchester .38-caliber rifle belonging to a black passenger, attack the express car bandits ... a bad decision that costs Hughes his life, compliments of three slugs that hit the man's stomach within six inches of each other from the rifle of Rube Burrow (brought back to the coach he was riding in, Hughes dies in the arms of his sister a few minutes later).  Leaving authorities clueless as to who the bandits are, Burrow and his partner vanish into the wilds of Alabama, highly amused that their crimes are being blamed on another desperado named Eugene Bunch.  Hiding out again in Lamar County, protected by family and friends, Rube foolishly draws the wrath of law enforcement down on his supporters when he murders another man in July of 1889 in the town of Jewel, country storekeeper and the town's postmaster, 41-year-old Moses Jobe Graves.
Rube
Jackson

Seeking to effectively disguise himself while in hiding, in 1889, Rube orders a wig and moustache from a novelty company in Chicago.  Paying five dollars for the items, Burrow requests that the order gets sent to Lamar County for pickup by a W. W. Cain.  A problem with the order arises though when postmaster Graves receives Burrow's poorly secured package with some of it's contents protruding, and curiosity tickled, he opens the order and discovers the disguise.  Taking on more authority than he is invested with, Graves refuses to release the order to Burrow's brother-in-law, Jim Cash, and when he gets the word about what has happened, an angered Rube goes to Graves' store to pick up his own mail.  Entering the store as evening falls, Rube finds Graves sorting that day's mail with a female clerk, and once more, the request that the order be released is refused by the postmaster as Burrow's blood begins to boil.  "I have such a package," Graves responds to Burrow's request, "but don't propose to give it to you," after Rube identifies himself as W. W. Cain.  "Then take that," Burrow responds, pulling his pistol and shooting the postmaster in the chest.  "I guess you'll not open any more of my mail!"  Turning his gun on the clerk, he then tells the woman to give him his order, which she does with alacrity.  Disguise received and made useless by the killing of Graves, Burrow flees into the night as once again the county floods with law enforcement agents, this time with a big difference though, with the killing, Burrow has lost the support of the community that had formerly sheltered the outlaw.
Pinkerton Flyer

Deciding that the best reason to leave Lamar County is to pull off another train robbery, in September of 1889, Burrow and Jackson, accompanied by a new associate, Burrow's cousin, 28-year-old Rueben Smith, and ride out of the state following the Tombigbee River, eventually reaching the town of Buckatunna, Mississippi, roughly seventy-three miles north of Mobile.  The town a stop for the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, scouting sixty miles of Mississippi wilderness, Burrow selects a railroad trestle on Buckatunna Creek as the site for his seventh train robbery.  Launching their raid in the early morning hours of Wednesday, the 25th, the outlaws follow the outline of their other successful robberies (the entire job lasts a little less than thirty minutes), control is gained over key individuals of the train's personnel (Burrow begins the job by using the same words he has used at Genoa and Duck Hill, "Don't be uneasy.  I intend to rob this train or kill every man on it."), the engine is moved on to a convenient trestle, and before vanishing into the night, the express car is plundered of $4,000 in cash and registered mail.  Job completed (Before fleeing the scene, Burrow will quip to his captives, "Listen you, tell that boss of yours that I won't rob no more of his old cars unless he puts steps on them, it's too much trouble"), the men make their way back to Lamar County (incredibly, while one of the biggest manhunts in U.S. history takes place in Alabama, Burrow spends a whole day chatting about his life with a reporter for the Atlantic Constitution).  Enjoying his looted wealth, Smith decides to enhance his plunder by joining up with an outlaw buddy named Jim McClung and taking down the disbursing officer of the Indian agency at the town of Kavanaugh, but the men change their minds when they note the amount of peace officers in the area and make their way back to Alabama, before they reach shelter though, both bandits are arrested in the waiting room of the train station at Amory, Mississippi by three members of the local police force (McClung goes peaceably, but Smith has to be beaten into his handcuffs and custody ... jail the next stop for both men, Smith will sentenced the following year to life behind bars for his role in the Buckatunna robbery). 
Smith

Hidden in back rooms, barns, and hay lofts, only coming out at night, the pair of bandits still on the loose determine in October of 1899 to leave Lamar County and relocate to some safer spot in Florida (easier said than done, authorities will spend months chasing Burrow and Jackson across southern Alabama, and in two days of misery for everyone involved on both sides, Pinkerton agents will spend two days of outlaw hunting chasing Burrow over Blount County, Alabama's Raccoon Mountains before turning away from the desperado after having Pinkerton agents William Penn Woodard and Harry Annerton shot to death, three possemen severely wounded, and four tracking hounds exhausted into death).  Crossing the Alabama River at the town of Gainsville, the men split up with plans to rendezvous with each other in a couple of months to plan another train robbery, but never meet up again as Jackson is located in Lamar County, secretly followed, and then arrested by over a dozen agents while riding a Georgia Pacific train at Columbus, Mississippi (put in irons, Jackson will be brought to Memphis, Tennessee, and confesses to his part in Burrow's robberies, but unable to face being hung or sentenced to life in prison for his crimes, commits suicide on November 10, 1890, by jumping headfirst from the top of the four story cellblock where he is being kept, a jump of sixty feet).  No outlaw confederates remaining at liberty, the authorities believe Burrow will recruit a new gang from various associates, but the man now being called the "King of Train Robbers" decides his deadly criminal talents are adequate enough to not require partners and goes into action next by his lonesome, after spending weeks hiding out in the swamp lands of northwest Florida's Santa Rosa County (1,260 square miles of wilderness, occupied by only 7,500 people), sleeping out in the open every night and never venturing inside any roofed buildings.  On the night of September 1, 1890, the outlaw hits the northbound express of the Louisville and Nashville Railway at Flomaton, Alabama (about 75 miles north of where Burrow has been hiding).  Both revolvers pulled, Burrow takes control of the engine and the engineer, has the train moved forward to a bridge over the Escambia River (about a mile to the north of the depot), simulates there is a bigger gang of outlaws involved by emptying a pistol into the darkness on first the left side and then the right side of the train while calling to a host of invisible fiends, forces the engineer to break into the express car using a coal pick, has the Southern Express Company messenger put loot from his car in a sack, and then vanishes into the night with a meager reward for his dangerous exertions of only $256.19.  The escapade will be Burrow's last train robbery.
Where The Postmaster Died
Escambia River Bridge
Wanted Poster

Fatally weary of Burrow's criminal transactions, the authorities flood the region with money and operatives to end the outlaw's career, and in 1890, their efforts finally bear fruit.  Guided by a Judas named John Barnes, who had tried to join Burrow's gang the year before, a posse led by Southern Express Company detective Thomas Jackson, moves in on a cabin belonging to a Burrow associate named Welles, but leaves the area when Jackson receives a report that Burrow has returned to Alabama, but he hasn't.  Unaware that Barnes has been helping the authorities, Burrow shows up on the man's front door asking for breakfast (Barnes believes he is about to be assassinated for working with the authorities, but Burrow never acknowledges recognizing the man, and after finishing his breakfast and purchasing some supplies, the bandit heads into the woods.  Positive identification made, posses focus on nearby Alabama River crossings and close in on the outlaw, with his trail freshest for two trackers that Jackson sends forth to cover the eastern bank of the river ... local planter John McDuffie and local farmer and merchant, Jefferson Davis "Dixie" Carter (he is named after the former president of the Confederacy).  Assets arrayed for Burrow's downfall, the two men soon receive word from two colored sharecroppers, Jesse Hildreth and Frank Marshal, that Burrow is at the abandoned cabin of another black man named George Ford, a cabin in an open field where anyone approaching can be seen from 200 yards away.  Storming the locale out of the question, duplicity is decided upon and Hildreth and Marshall again act as if they want to help the outlaw in his flight.  
The George Ford Cabin Where Burrow Is Captured
Jesse Hildreth (Seated) And Frank Marshall
- The Two Black Farmers That Assisted In The 
Burrow Arrest

Duped, totally unsuspicious, Burrow is making ready to depart the cabin at about 1:00 in the afternoon when he hands Hildreth his prized Marlin rifle for wrapping in an oil cloth.  Dropping the weapon upon completing its wrapping, Burrow is distracted for a split second and Hildreth and Marshall jump on the outlaw and a brutal fight starts in which Hildreth tries to maintain a grip on Burrow as his smaller partner, Marshall, jumps in to assist, getting paid for his efforts by the outlaw biting into Marshall's shoulder with his teeth and stomping on Hildreth's bare feet as the trio crashes about the cabin.  No time given to signal McDuffie and Carter that they can approach, the men hear the commotion coming from Ford's cabin and rush forward just as Burrow is about to break free and leap out of the structure's front door.  Weapons drawn and Burrow covered, the outlaw is disarmed and searched, being found to be in possession of his Marlin rifle, a .45-caliber revolver, a Bowie knife, a greasy cloth travel bag, and $175 in cash.  The largest city in the area Demopolis, Alabama, about eighteen miles away, the decision is made to take the prisoner to the county seat of Linden, Alabama, a journey of only nine miles.  Hands tied in front, arms pinned to his body by tight cords of rope, and feet tied under the animal he will be riding, Burrow is placed on McDuffie's horse, with McDuffie mounted behind the bandit, and accompanied by Carter, Hildreth, and Marshall, the five men uneventfully make it to Linden just as night is falling.  The Linden sheriff and his keys absent as the man is out in the countryside trying to track down the now captive Burrow, the outlaw is placed in one of the rooms in the jail, still bound with iron shackles around his ankles with a chain securing them to the floor.  There, Burrow spends the next several hours entertaining the many visitors he receives with comedic stories of his numerous criminal escapades.  Hands untied when dinner is brought to the jail for the outlaw, the jail slowly empties out until only McDuffie, Hildreth, and Marshall remain guarding the prisoner (though there are over forty armed possemen about the town).  Tired and not feeling well after his day of exertions, Carter goes across the street to his store for some rest, carrying Burrow's rifle and his money.
Carter (Top) & McDuffie (Bottom)

Infamous for his bold moves and doing the unexpected, Burrow unleashes one more role of the dice to regain his freedom.  Still up, at 4:00 in the morning, the outlaw tells his jailors that he is hungry after his long day, and when told that nothing is available in town that late at night, the bandit overs a compromise, stating that his traveling bag, deposited on the courthouse steps by George Ford, contains an assortment of fruits and snacks that should keep the outlaw satisfied until his official jail breakfast can be served.  Sack given to Burrow after passing through McDuffie's quick check for contraband, the outlaw returns to his story telling while sharing ginger snaps and candy with McDuffie, Hildreth, and Marshall.  Captors in a state of compliancy after spending hours with the friendly desperado, no one responds quickly enough to stop Burrow once he reaches into the bottom of his sack and pulls out a revolver instead of another cookie.  Not a comic anymore, Burrow covers the men with his weapon as he is released from his bindings while threatening to blow off the head of anyone who gives him trouble ... McDuffie is relieved of his gun and then put in Burrow's shackles, then Marshall is shackled to McDuffie.  Wanting his rifle and money returned before exiting the town, taking the key to the jailyard, Burrow exits the jail demanding that Hildreth take him to wherever Carter has retired to for his rest.  Being told the man he is seeking is across the street, the pair walk across the quiet street where Burrow, pretending to be a railroad detective, knocks on the door to the store until a clerk answers and the man is told that Carter is wanted immediately at the jail   Hearing his presence is requested, Carter leaves the room he was resting in and walks to front of the building, where he is startled to find the armed bandit standing in the doorway.  "Give me my money or I'll shoot your head off," Burrow commands from behind his revolvers, but it is an order which Carter refuses to obey though he tells the outlaw "All right."  Not alright at all, instead of complying, Carter reaches into his pocket and brings out a .32-caliber Smith & Wesson pistol.  Reacting to Carter drawing his weapon, Burrow fires on his opponent, but anticipating the outlaws reaction he throws his body violently to the right, and instead of being hit in the chest, Burrow's bullet goes through the businessman's left shoulder, just above his collarbone ... an injury that Carter responds to by emptying his pistol at Burrow.as he falls to his knees.  Revolver emptied, though the men are separated by only a few feet, only Carter's fourth shot hits Burrow, but it is the only hit necessary  Dead facing his enemy and with his boots on, hitting the outlaw in the upper abdomen, the inevitable round punches through Burrow's portal vein and he too drops to the floor, bleeding out into death in seconds.  The outlaw is thirty-four years old.
Gunfight
Scene Of The Shootout - Downtown Linden 

Celebrity status gained in death, a coroner's inquest is held that identifies the body as belonging to Burrow and how the killing took place before ruling the death as totally justified.  Those tasks completed, Burrow is treated with preservatives and sent on to Demopolis, where hundreds of locals view the body.  The outlaw then begins a train ride back to Lamar County on a locomotive traveling between Birmingham, Alabama and Memphis, Tennessee, stopping at various towns along the route for the folks that have gathered to see the corpse of the infamous outlaw, with officials estimating the body will be seen by over 5,000 Alabamians before it arrives in the town of Sulligent.  Almost home, in Sulligent the body is given over to Rube's father, Allen, by representatives of the Southern Express Company (along with being viewed by another huge crowd).  Home with daddy, the next morning, on Friday, October 10th, Burrow is buried on Friday morning at the cemetery of the Fellowship Church, about four miles northeast of the county seat of Vernon. 
Final Resting Place

While Burrow's journey stops outside the Fellowship Church, the bandit's pistols, belt, and Marlin rifle continue on to Memphis, where they are put on display at the office of the Southern Express Company and viewed by a host of newspaper boys, clerks, porters, merchants, bankers, shopkeepers, business men, lawyers, and regular citizens, the region's rich and poor, male and female, black and white ... so many folks that exhibition goes on for over a week, and Burrow's final possessions are placed in a glass case so they can't be molested by the public (too big for the case, the rifle is hung from a peg where it is out of reach).  Relief across the region as word goes out that the bandit has finally been stopped (after one of the biggest manhunts in the history of the United States), the men personally responsible for providing the outcome wanted are acknowledged and rewarded.  McDuffie, believing his error in not searching Burrow's sack better could have led to disaster, receives a pep talk from the Southern Express Company, along with the cash award the company was offering for the bandit.  A cash award is also given to Hildreth and Marshall for their part in the arrest, with Hildreth also receiving glowing praise from the Alabama governor, Thomas Seay, for his heroic actions in a published letter that is sent from the Democratic politician to the Southern Express Company.  And Burrow's killer is rewarded too, as Carter receives over $1,000 in cash, but his biggest reward though is surviving his encounter with the robber, instead of going down with a bullet in his heart.  But the rest of his life does come at a cost, his nicely timed jump changes the impact site of Burrow's bullet, putting the round into Carter's brachial plexus of nerves, causing paralysis of the shopkeeper's left arm, which he keeps supported in the cradle of a large white bandage for the rest of his life.
A Burrow Smith And Wesson Revolver
The Infamous Marlin Rifle

10/9/1890 - Rube Burrow is killed in Alabama and the position of King of the Train Robbers opens up ... again.
Burrow




         





         



 


  


Tuesday, October 3, 2023

THE MARINE HEROES OF BLANC MONT RIDGE

10/3/1918 - Solidifying the reputation their victorious brothers established as beasts in battle at Belleau Wood, the warriors of the United States 2nd Infantry Division (along with the never before bloodied elements of the Texas and Oklahoma National Guard from the U.S. 36th Infantry Division) are launched at the German positions along Blanc Mont Ridge in the Champagne region of France ... an area that has seen the slaughter of tens of thousands of French soldiers trying unsuccessfully for four years to take and hold the ridgeline.  Now it is the American Expeditionary Force of General John J. Pershing that will get a chance to take the infamous heights.

Atop Blanc Mont Ridge

Finish line in sight for the war, in the late summer and autumn of 1918, the Allies launch an offensive to finally drive the German Army of General Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff from France.  On the left of the line, the British successfully move forward, as does the right of General Pershing, pushing northward in the Meuse-Argonne sector to break the German's Hindenburg Line (named after the German commander, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg).  Between the British and Americans however are the French, who bloodied by four years of back-and-forth for mere yards of advancement through the area have lost tens of thousands of men at locales like the Marne River, Reims Cathedral, the first and second battles of Champagne, Verdun, and three battles along the Aisne River to take the Chemin des Dames ridge that are now known to history as horrific, useless abattoirs.  Fresh from their mutiny of 1917 and weary of the war, when the offensive begins the Poilus (a term dating back to the Napoleonic Wars meaning "hairy one") of France are again unable to take the defensive heights of Blanc Mont, and ask for support help from the freshest troops in the area not already committed to the offensive, elements of Pershing's AEF (in four years of combat, the French possess the heights once ... for 15 minutes).  His left flank anchored on nothing but French air, Pershing reluctantly agrees to give the French his 2nd and 36th Infantry divisions, roughly 54,000 men ... 54,000 men that the French plan on plugging into various commands within the Fourth Army of General Henri Gouraud (a 51-year-old Paris-born soldier with a military resume that includes an education at the renowned Saint Cyr Military Academy, capturing French Sudan rebel, Samori Toure, colonial postings in Niger, Chad, Mauritania, and Morocco, and losing his arm leading the French Expeditionary Corps at Gallipoli before being given command of the 4th Army).  However, the man chosen to lead the Americans, 51-year-old Louisianan Major General John Archer Lejeune, a man who will one day be called "Greatest of all Leathernecks" and "The Marine's Marine" while becoming the 13th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps has his own ideas how his men will be used in the coming campaign.
French Dead
Pershing
Gouraud
Lejeune

A Cajun born on the Old Hickory Plantation in the Pointe Coupee Parish of Louisiana on January 10, 1867, John Lejeune attends prep programs at LSU in Baton Rouge from September 1881 to April 1884 before becoming a midshipman in the Class of 1888 (of the thirty-two students in the class, Lejeune will graduate second).  After the completion of his two-year cruise as a midshipman, Lejeune is appointed to Naval Engineering, but wanting a career in the Marines instead, uses his state senator and the Secretary of the Navy to get an appointment as a second lieutenant to the Corps.  Beginning his military career, the youth receives ""indoctrination and instruction" at the Marine Barracks in Norfolk, Virginia, where he goes to sea for the first time in 1891 aboard the gunboat, USS Bennington (he is in command of the ship's protective contingent of Marines).  Upward through the chain-of-command, Lejeune is aboard the cruiser, USS Cincinnati for the duration of the Spanish-American War (he leads a 30-man Marine landing party that extracts almost 100 sailors and civilians from Puerto Rico after the Battle of Fajardo in 1898), is promoted to captain and leads the guard team aboard the battleship, USS Massachusetts (1899 to 1900), rides a recruiting desk for five months in Boston, commands the Marine contingent at Pensacola, Florida, is on duty again at the Norfolk base in 1903, is transferred the same year to Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C. where he is promoted to major, is back at sea aboard the cruiser, USS Panther closing out 1903, is posted to the cruiser, USS Dixie, in 1904, commands the Marine battalion guarding the Panama Canal, then its back to Washington, D.C. in 1906, and from there, back to the Panama battalion, and from there, back to Marine headquarters before the close of the year.  In 1907, his newest posting takes the major to the marine and naval base at Cavite in the Philippines where he takes command of the First Brigade of Marines in 1908 (matching his position, experience and qualifications he is promoted to Lt. Colonel in 1909).  More schooling, Lejeune is sent to the U.S. Army War College in 1909 and graduates the following year.  From there, Lejeune is posted to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, sent to Colon, Panama in 1912, then is sent back to Cuba.
In 1914, Lejeune is promoted to full colonel, and as the commander of the 2nd Advanced Base Regiment participates in the Tampico Affair in which the Marines will temporarily take possession of the Mexican port of Vera Cruz.  Successfully achieving the missions he is tasked with, the Cajun colonel is sent back to Washington, D.C., where he is made second-in-command of the Corps and is promoted to brigadier general in 1916.  American joining the bloody festivities of WWI in 1917 when Germany begins un-restricted submarine warfare again following the 1915 sinking of the RMS Lusitania (a tragedy in which 1,198 passengers and crew lose their lives), Lejeune arrives in Brest, France in June of 1918 and is promoted to major general the following month and placed in charge of the 4th Marine Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division following the Battle of Soissons (over 500,000 soldiers from both sides will participate in the five day clash that adds 263,000 casualties to the war's butcher's bill), and by the end of July, Lejeune is in command of the division itself (only the second Marine to ever lead a U.S. Army division into combat) and successfully guides it to victory during the September 1918, Battle of Saint-Mihiel (a blood letting in which 700,000 soldiers participate, with 29,000 becoming casualties).  Refitting after the victory, Lejeune is ticketed with helping the French and taking the German positions along Blanc Mont Ridge.
USS Bennington
The Flag Goes Up Over Vera Cruz
Saint-Mihiel

Refusing to let foreign officers command his men or for the men to be broken up into replacements for French field units, instead of getting a court-martial, just happy to get help, Gouraud lets Lejeune make his own plans on how best to use his men, and Pershing is just happy that some of his own people will soon be watching his left flank.  Stressing unity, surprise, and all elements of the division supporting each other, Lejeune puts together a battle plan that departs from accepted military doctrine of the time ... instead of a prolonged bombardment of the German line prior to the Americans attacking, Lejeune will advance his men in coordination with the firing of his artillery, keeping his men just out of range of their own shells.  For Blanc Mont Ridge, Lejeune's plan is to attack with two brigades converging on a point called Hill 210 ... on the left, elements of the 4th Marine Brigade (the 6th Marine Regiment, commanded by Colonel Harry Lee, a 20-year veteran of the Corps, will lead the attack, with the 5th Marine Regiment, commanded by Colonel Logan Feland, a 19-year veteran of the Corps and a winner of the Distinguished Service Cross for his leadership during the Battle of Belleau Wood, following in support) on the right the assault will be led by the 3rd Infantry Brigade (with the 9th Infantry Regiment in front under the command of Colonel George W. Stuart, and the 23rd Infantry Regiment of Colonel Edward R. Stone behind), and supporting both advances (over a mile separates the two columns) are 120 light and 72 heavy guns of the 2nd Division, along with a battalion of French light tanks, 48 machines in all (on the 2nd's left flank are the men of the French 21st Infantry Division, and on the right are the soldiers of French 170th Division).  Additionally the attack will be supported by the 5th and 6th Machine Gun Battalions of the 2nd Division.  The offensive set to take place on October 2, but Lejeune convinces Gouraud to postpone the attack for 24-hours so that a series of trenches on his left known as the Essen Hook, can be cleared out, and to give his artillery and infantry commanders more time to coordinate their fire planning.   

Lee & Feland
Stone

Opposite the 2nd Division is the XII Corps of the German Third Army commanded by General of Calvary Hans Heinrich Ludwig Roland Krug von Nidda.  Nidda's defenders are composed of the 200th and 213th divisions, supported by elements of the German 17th, 195th, and 203rd divisions, units that include six regiments of elite Jagers considered to be the German's toughest and most skilled fighters.  High ground running from Blanc Mont in the west (about 600 feet higher than the plains of the region), to Hill 210 in the center, to Medeah Hill in the east, the Germans can observe and respond to any forward movement over the regions chalky plains and devastated farmlands by the Americans or French from inside fortified defensive positions and behind an intricate network of trenches covered in razor sharp barbed-wire arranged to funnel attackers into pre-registered killing zones that can be swept with artillery, machine-gun, and rifle fire ... positions the Germans have had four years to make deadly.  Even nature is seemingly on the side of the Germans, as newly sprouted scrub pines begin growing on Blanc Mont ridge and other knolls in the area, hiding the line's defenders from sight and masking reverse slope activities from sight.
von Nidda
Jagers Moving Into Position On Blanc Mont
Blanc Mont Bunker

Scheduled to jump off at 6:00 in the morning (the day begins gray and misty), the artillery of Brigadier General Albert Bowley opens up on the German lines ten minutes before the scheduled advance is to begin, with guns targeting the ridge and others beginning the rolling bombardment screening the attackers as it moves towards the high ground in four minute increments.  Surprise, shells, and the "esprit" of the men involved combined just as Leguene had planned, and before the afternoon is over, both wings of the attack are atop Blanc Mont Ridge (the French military hero, General Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Petain, before becoming one of the many traitorous WWII boot lickers of Adolf Hitler, will describe the attack as the greatest Allied accomplishment of 1918), all first day objectives have been taken, and the Americans have driven a three-mile deep salient into the German line.  It is an accomplishment made possible by men like Chicago born 20-year-old Marine Private John Joseph Kelly, 22-year-old Marine Corporal John Henry Pruitt of Arkansas, 22-year-old South Carolina Marine 1st Lt. James P. Adams, Boston born Marine 2nd Lt. Edward C. Fowler, 17-year-old Tennessee Marine Private Julian Wesley Alsup, Sioux Falls Marine Private Richard Oakes Jordan, 21-year-old Private Roy H. Beird of Illinois, Marine Private Bruce H. Mills, Austria born 31-year-old Marine Private Samuel Glucksman, Marine Private Lambert Bos of Idaho, 21-year-old Marine 2nd Lt. Hugh Pratt Kidder of Minnesota, Marine Private Samuel Slokom Simmons of Pennsylvania, Marine Private Joe Nichols Viera of Nevada, Knoxville Marine Corporal Henry W. Philblad, 23-year-old Marine Sgt. Henry S. Bogan from Kentucky, 22-year-old Marine Pharmacist's Mate First Class John Henry Balch from Kansas City, and others of their ilk.
*Kelly, having promised companions that he will be the first to capture a machine-gun, in advance of his own line, runs over 100-yards through the falling shells of the 2nd's opening barrage and takes out a machine gun nest, killing one German with a grenade, another with a pistol, and then returning through the barrage with eight prisoners in hand ... a morning which wins him the Medal of Honor (before the war is over he will also win five silver stars and two Purple Hearts).
*Pruitt wins the Medal of Honor taking out two machine guns while killing two Jagers, then captures forty more Germans from a nearby bunkhouse (sadly, he is killed by an exploding shell during the following day's counterattacks by the Germans).
*Adams voluntarily leads four soldiers through falling shellfire to take out a machine gun enfilading his company's line, winning a Distinguished Service Cross.
*The evening before the attack, alone, Fowler helps clear the way for his men by crawling into no-man's-land removing a machine gun with grenade.  the next morning, he leads his men forward, capturing 15 machine guns and 80 Germans, then to finish the day off, exposed to artillery fire, he snipes another machine gun nest out of existence.
*Their company stopped by enfilading machine gun fire, Alsup, Beird, Jordan, and Mills win Distinguished Service Crosses for volunteering to attack the enemy position, which they take out with grenades and rifle fire, killing three Germans and capturing twenty-five others crewing the defensive position.
*Without aid, Bogan takes out three machine gun nests, and though wounded in the process, takes thirty Germans prisoner, then escorts them to the rear by himself so as not to weaken the American line, gaining Oak Leaves for the Distinguished Service Cross he already possesses.
*Bos wins the Distinguished Service Cross eliminating a machine gun nest with two other volunteers, treats a wounded comrade, captures two more machine guns, captures fourteen men manning the position he is attacking, and then for good measure, captures forty more Jagers in a nearby dugout.
*Forcing a captive to lead him to the dugout the German came from, Glucksman captures twenty more men, returns them to the rear, and then despite wounds, returns to the front and continues the fight until he collapses from blood loss, actions that win him a Distinguished Service Cross. 
*By himself, Philbad captures two machine gun nests, killing the position's Germans, then a few hours later he takes on another nest is killed by an explosion of shrapnel, winning a posthumous Distinguished Service Cross.
*The Distinguished Service Cross Simmons wins comes by way of helping wipe out a machine gun nest, capturing forty Germans from a dugout, and carrying three messages to the rear through a German artillery barrage.
*Viera's busy Distinguished Service Cross morning comes from helping capture three machine guns, and taking forty German prisoners out of a dugout.
*Balch receives a Medal of Honor for establishing an aid station for wounded Americans during a German artillery barrage.
*Losing his life, but winning a Distinguished Service Cross, Kidder in 24-hours helps capture six machine guns, take men prisoner from the multiple positions, aids two wounded Americans, and is killed trying to gain a better position during a German counterattack.
 
Unfortunately though for the Allied soldiers on the ridge, the French on both sides of the attack falter, and the rest of the day and evening, the men of the 2nd Division are peppered by German counterattacks and artillery fire as the French order the division to continue attacking northward.  Ordered to advance by French XXI Corps commander, Major General Stanislaus Naulin, and take the village of Machault (six miles beyond the American lines), Lejeune balks and insists on going after a closer objective, being allowed to bring his artillery forward, and that his guns be fully resupplied with ammunition.  Pleased that the ridge is finally out of the German's hands (though the area is full of bypassed strong points that still must be reduced), Naulin backs down and once again the Marine general is allowed to run his own operation which consists of an advance on the high ground about a mile south of the abandoned town of St. Etienne.  Mauled moving forward from both flanks (at one point men will report being fired on from the north, south, east, west, and above as German fighters control the skies above Blanc Mont Ridge and more harm comes from one unit moving forward off schedule and without any artillery support), the attack gains many of its stated objectives, but without support from the still lagging French, by evening the Americans have been pushed back into their starting positions of the morning (a retreat called for by wounded Captain Dewitt Peck almost turns into a rout as units become mixed in the intense German gunfire and officers have to stop running to the rear men with their pistols ... the only known retreat of WWI by the Marine Corps), suffering more casualties than took place assaulting and taking the ridge (the day stands as the worst for the Marine Corps during WWI as Leguene's men suffer 1,889 casualties with one of the worst hit units being the 1st Battalion of the 6th Regiment which starts the day with 800 officers and men, and ends it with only 168 men answering evening roll call ... and among the dead are two previous Medal of Honor winners, 2nd Lt. Henry L. Hulbert and Sergeant Matej Kicak).  Identifying one of the German's most worrisome positions being a series of strong machine gun nests to the west of Blanc Mont Ridge, his guns now moved forward and resupplied, Bowley's artillery spends the evening pummeling the positions, and when dawn breaks, the machine gun nests receive another dose that is backed up by a rolling barrage that covers the American attack ... an attack that shows off how successful Legeune tactics can be when applied properly as the Marines, without losing a single man, capture 200 Germans and 75 machine guns.  On the right of the salient, unsupported by the French, the men of the 23rd Infantry Brigade remained stalled throughout the day.
Naulin
Peck
Bowley

Despite the obvious evidence of the difference preparation makes in success of an attack, Naulin keeps pressuring the American general to continue his advance the following day.  After another heated debate, Legeune agrees to a compromise; the 5th of October will be used to bring separated units together and resupply them, and to clean out bypassed German strongpoints, with the northward advance to be renewed on the morning of the 6th.  Starting at 5:30 in the morning as planned, General Bowley's guns drop artillery fire on the forward German positions for an hour, and then the American brigades move forward behind a rolling barrage.  Three hours later both units have closed on the south side of the St. Etienne-Orfeuil Road.  All goals and more accomplished but troops exhausted, Lejeune has the 142nd Infantry Regiment relieve the 4th Marine Brigade and the 141st Regiment relieve the 3rd Infantry Brigade, but leaves one battalion from each relieved brigade behind (along with most of his machine guns and mortars in place) to stiffen up the replacements.  The Marine commander requests a couple of days to get his green troops ready for another attack, but Naulin is on him again demanding the forward attacks continue.  Pattern repeated, Lejeune protests, Naulin insists, and so the Americans organize for another advance ... and the Germans are waiting, aggressively fighting back so that the rest of their line can retreat to a new line of defensive positions.  On October 8th when the American guns fire on the German lines, prior to the attack beginning, counter-fire, including toxic gas rounds, are sent at the 141sst and 142nd, and the advance ends almost instantly, with only the veteran battalions experiencing any success as one unit digs in on the north side of the town of St. Etienne, allowing the 142nd to move up, while the other Marine battalion on the right, launching a fierce counter-attack into the German flank that pushes the American line north of the St. Etienne-Orfeuil Road, accomplishments that cost the 71st Infantry Brigade more than 1,300 causalities on the October 8th (4,821 casualties over the course of the battle ... by contrast, the bloody three-day Battle for Tarawa during WWII in the Pacific costs the Marine Corps 3,110 casualties).
Downtown St. Etiennie 

The next two days find the Americans consolidating their line while ammunition and supplies are moved up, and exhausted troops are moved out, with the remainder of the 2nd Division's unrelieved soldiers finally pulled off the line.  Key position in the line taken and held with the fall of Blanc Mont Ridge, on the 10th, the Germans begin a general withdrawal from the area to other defensive positions along the Aisne River.  The Siegfried Line in the Champagne region broke, the 2nd's main contribution to winning the war completed (though no one knows it at the time) and Lejeune's command is pulled back to the Suippes-Somme-Suippes area for refitting and rest, before moving to the Triaucourt area and establishing it's headquarters at Conde-en-Barrios, where they are on November 11, 1918, when the war ends.  The unit's accomplishment in taking the difficult position noted by the French, Germans, and Americans (echoing British King Henry V's speech prior to the Battle of Agincourt, Lejeune will state after the battle, "To be able to say when this war is finished, I belonged to the SECOND DIVISION, I fought with it at Blanc Mont Ridge, will be the highest honor that can come to any man.") after the war memorials and monuments go up on the battlefield that honor the bravery of the men that fought there over a hundred years ago, the largest being an ossuary of the remains of 10,000 soldiers that fought on the fields of Champagne honoring French and American troops, mounted by a huge statue created by artist Maxime Real del Sarte depicting French troop commander General Henri Joseph Eugene Gouraud (on his death in 1946, at his own personal request, Gouraud is buried in the structure with some of the men he once commanded), American airman and President Theodore Roosevelt's son, Second Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt (killed over dogfighting over Chamery at the age of 20), and del Sarte's brother, who is killed in the fighting around Champagne.  And there is also a large memorial approved by the American Battle Monuments Commission on Blanc Mont Ridge honoring the Americans of the 2nd, 36rd, 42nd, and 93rd U.S. Divisions that fought alongside the French in the Champagne region. 
Dedication
Atop The Ossuary

A hideous testing ground for the Marines, among those at Blanc Mont Ridge that survive the ordeal, Wendell Cushing Neville of the 4th Brigade will win a Medal-of-Honor at Vera Cruz and in 1930, becomes the new Commandant of the United States Marine Corps (he dies that same year at the age of 60), Logan Feland of the 5th Regiment will go on to win five silver stars for bravery and become a major general in charge of the Department of the Pacific before dying at the age off 66 in 1936), Henry Louis Larsen of the 3rd Battalion will serve in the Marine Corps until 1946, winning two Navy Crosses and three Silver Stars while becoming a Lieutenant General, and the military governor of America Samoa and Guam, while commanding over 215,000 personnel during WWII (he dies in Denver, Colorado in 1962 at the age of 71), Harry Lee of the 6th Regiment will go on to become a major general and command the Marine Corps Base at Quantico, Virginia (he dies on the base in 1935 at the age of 62), and Littleton Waller Tazewell Waller, Jr. of the 6th Machine Gun Battalion will attain the rank of major general while serving as Marine Corps Director of Personnel during WWII (he dies in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania in 1967 at the age of 80).  
2nd Division Memorial On Blanc Mont Ridge

The most famous participant in the battle though is of course, John Archer Lejeune, often referred to as "the greatest of all Leathernecks."  A major general at the time of the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge, Lejeune will go on the serve eleven more years in the Marine Corps (in all, he spends 39-years as a Marine before retiring in 1929), rising to the rank lieutenant general, becoming the 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps (1920 to 1929), and founding the United States Marine Corps League for veterans in 1926.  After retiring from the Marine Corps, Lejeune becomes the 5th superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in Lexington, Virginia (1929 to 1937).  The message he sends to the Marine Corps in 1921, is now read annually on the Corps celebration of it's birthday on 11/10.  There are statues of the man on the grounds of the Pointe Coupee Parish Courthouse in New Roads, Louisiana, outside of the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia, in the center of the traffic circle at the Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, outside Lejeune Hall on the campus of the United States Naval Academy, outside of Lejeune Hall on the Quantico Marine Corps Base, and next to the United States destroyer USS Kidd in downtown Baton Rouge, Louisiana at the Louisiana War Memorial.  Lejeune's name is also on a naval transport ship (AP-74), a hall on the campus of LSU, a high school in Jacksonville, North Carolina, and on Lodge No. 350 of the Ancient, Free, and Accepted Masons of Quantico, Virginia.  Lejeune passes away at the Union Memorial Hospital of Baltimore, Maryland on November 20, 1942 at the age of 75.  With full military honors, the Marine Corps general is interred at Arlington National Cemetery (Section Six, Grave 5682).       
Lejeune will have a U.S. postal stamp issued in his honor in 2005.         
At Arlington
New Roads, Louisiana

The United States Marine Corps' battle for Blanc Mont Ridge begins ... October 3, 1918
Medal of Honor Winner Kelly At Blanc Mont Ridge
- October 3, 1918
Members of the 2nd Division












               
        
       

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